Desvanecimiento y Desvanecimiento cruzado
Los efectos de desvanecimiento producen frecuentemente una transición desde silencio (desvanecimiento de entrada) o una transición al silencio (desvanecimiento de salida) pero pueden referirse por igual a una transición de un nivel de volumen a otro más bajo o más fuerte. Un desvanecimiento cruzado es cuando una sección de audio se va desvaneciéndose en salida mientras otra entra.
Contenidos
- Desvanecimiento lineal
- Desvanecimiento exponencial
- Desvanecimiento de igual poder
- Desvanecimiento de curva sinodal
- Curva de desvanecimiento cruzado de DJ
- Creando desvanecimientos con la herramienta de envoltura
- Creando un desvanecimiento cruzado
- Otros complementos y herramientas
Desvanecimiento lineal
Este es el tipo más simple de desvanecimiento en el que el volumen sube o baja en una tasa frecuente. Un desvanecimiento lineal de entrada desde el silencio es fácilmente creado en Audacity usando . Un desvanecimiento lineal de salida al silencio es creado usando .
La "forma" de un desvanecimiento es comúnmente descrita en términos que sugieren la apariencia de una señal de nivel constante que tiene el efecto aplicado a ella. Por ejemplo, si el desvanecimiento lineal de entrada es aplicado a un tono generado, el desvanecimiento puede ser visto como que sigue una línea recta desde el silencio hasta el nivel original.
Desvanecimiento exponencial
Este es otro tipo de desvanecimiento bastante común. Su popularidad proviene del hecho de que modela muy de cerca la forma en que el sonido decae naturalmente. Por ejemplo, comparando la onda de una grabación de un disparo de pistola con el de un timbre, podemos claramente ver que aunque las escalas de tiempo son muy diferentes, la forma del sonido al decaer es muy similar:
En Audacity, la Herramienta de envoltura produce desvanecimientos exponenciales.
Una forma de desvanecimiento similar (pero no idéntica) puede ser producida aplicando un desvanecimiento lineal varias veces a la misma selección. Por ejemplo, aquí hay un desvanecimiento creado aplicando el efecto de desvanecimiento de salida, y luego repitiéndolo tres veces usando el atajo CTRL + R (repetir último efecto).
Desvanecimiento de igual poder
Si un sonido se está desvaneciendo mientras otro aparece, esto es llamado desvanecimiento cruzado. Un problema común al hacer desvanecimientos cruzados entre dos sonidos usando efectos de desvanecimiento lineal es que el nivel de volumen decaerá un poco en la mitad durante la transición. Para mitigar este problema es común usar una forma de desvanecimiento que, comparada con un desvanecimiento lineal, se potencia en la mitad, para que el nivel de volumen se mantenga un poco más alto en la mitad de la transición. Uno de las formas de desvanecimiento cruzado más usadas es el "Desvanecimiento de igual poder"; llamado así porque el poder promedio (y por ello la intensidad) permanece relativamente constante durante la transición con desvanecimiento cruzado para música y otros sonidos no correlacionados. La siguiente imagen muestra dos pistas, una con ruido blanco y una con ruido rosa que se desvanecen de forma cruzada usando desvanecimientos de igual poder.
Desvanecimiento de curva sinodal
A raised sine curve (or cosine curve) is based on the shape of a sine wave. This fade type is often used for fading out music as it produces a smoother, more musical sounding fade out than a linear fade. It is also sometimes used as an alternative to the Equal Power Fade for crossfading as it avoids the possibility of the peak level increasing during the crossfade (Like linear fades, it produces an "Equal Gain" crossfade).
Curva de desvanecimiento cruzado de DJ
DJ Mixers have a crossfade slide control that is essentially two faders back to back in one unit. Moved in one direction it will fade in source A and fade out source B, and when moved to the other extreme it will fade out source A and fade in source B. Early DJ mixing desks crossfaders produced a (roughly) equal power crossfade, but in response to demand from DJs, other fade shapes were developed that have a more pronounced curve, thus making the mix more pronounced during the transition. More information about the history of DJ crossfaders can be found on the Rane website.
Modern DJ mixers provide a curve control to provide adjustment of the fade taper contour. The image below compares the shapes of an equal power fade with a high curve fade that is similar to what would be achieved by setting the curve control fairly high on a DJ mixer's crossfader.
Creando desvanecimientos con la Herramienta de envoltura
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A true logarithmic fade will never reach its target level but will gradually get closer and closer to that level without ever reaching it. For a logarithmic fade out, this means that the audio level will get quieter and quieter but will never be totally silent. In practice, it is usual that a logarithmic fade out will only actually follow the logarithmic scale until it is very close to silence and will then be made to go silent by either dropping directly from the very low level to silence, or via a short linear fade to silence. |
Because the Envelope Tool uses logarithmic fades, creating a precise fade shape can be very fiddly, but with patience almost any type of fade shape can be achieved.
- The fade shape does not need to look exactly smooth to provide an effective fade. Check what the fade sounds like before spending an unnecessary amount of time trying to make the fade look right. The sound is far more important than what it looks like.
- To make small adjustments to the envelope it can be useful to expand the track vertically.
Tips for drawing fades with the Envelope Tool: In this example we will create a fade that starts at full volume, then starts to fade slowly, then gradually more rapidly to silence, as illustrated here:
- Begin the fade by setting a control point at the time position where the fade starts at full volume:
- Click on the waveform with the envelope tool at the "start position" of the fade.
- Drag the control point vertically to the nearest edge of the track to achieve full volume.
- Note that if you drag the point beyond the edge of the track, the control point will be removed.
- Set a control point where the fade becomes silent.
- Click on the waveform with the envelope tool at the "end position" of the fade.
- Drag the control point up or down toward the vertical centre of the track.
- Note that the fade will be almost silent for a large section of the fade.
- Click where you want to add additional control points as necessary to push out the envelope to the required shape.
Creando un desvanecimiento cruzado
Introducción
The purpose of a crossfade is to produce a smooth transition between two sections of audio. The two sections overlap and as one section fades out the other fades in. This technique is commonly used by DJ's, for "compilation" tracks and mashups. The use of crossfades is not limited to joining pieces of music, but can be used in many other situations where a smooth transition is required, including editing speech recordings, extending songs, creating loops for audio sequencers, repairing damaged recordings and much more.
Como desvanecer cruzadamente dos pistas
First, the tracks should be imported or recorded. By default, importing two audio files will create two audio tracks one above the other. Similarly, recording a new track will by default create a new track below any other tracks in the project. This is the arrangement that we want as the starting point (for clarity the illustrations show mono tracks, but the procedure is exactly the same for stereo tracks).
Posicionar aproximadamente las pistas
Drag the second track to roughly the right place using the Time Shift tool 
. Don't worry about getting the position too precise at this stage as we will adjust the position later. For crossfading two music tracks, an overlap of around 5 seconds is usually suitable, though sometimes a much shorter, or longer crossfade may sound better. How long the crossfade transition lasts is largely a matter of personal taste.
Alinear las pistas con mayor precisión
Tracks will often begin and end with a short period of silence. Leading/trailing silence may be removed by selecting and deleting. Audacity's Cut Preview can be useful to check that the selection to be deleted is correct.
The end of the first track will be the point at which the first track finally stops (has faded to silence). The start of the second track will be the point at which the second track starts to fade in.
After selecting the region to be crossfaded, create a split at both ends of the selection using CTRL + I. The split marks will greatly facilitate selecting the appropriate areas in each track.
Trim the tracks
If, as in the images above, it is necessary to trim the tracks further, select the unwanted region after the fade out (in the upper track in this case) by double-clicking in it, then delete it.
Aplicar desvanecimientos
A fade out can then be applied to the overlapping section in the first track, and a fade in applied to the overlapping section of the second track.
- For rhythmic music with closely matched tempo this will often be undesirable and may be prevented by using fade shapes that bow up higher than a linear fade (como la forma de desvanecimiento de igual poder).
- For crossfading music where there is a substantial difference in tempo, a smoother sounding crossfade may be achieved by allowing the volume to drop by the use of fade shapes that dip lower than a linear fade.
Otros complementos y herramientas
Fade In and Out
This is a Nyquist plug-in that can apply a linear fade in and fade out to the selected audio.
This tool was written by David R Sky to provide a simple, accessible way for visually impaired and other non-mouse users to apply fade in and out effects. The current Audacity 2.x has a Selection Toolbar providing a screen-reader friendly display of selection start time and duration (* except on Linux) which can be used for similar purpose, but this effect may be found to be quicker and easier to use.
Text Envelope
This is a Nyquist plug-in that can apply multiple changes to the amplitude of the selected audio, fading from one level to another as required.
This tool was written by Steve Daulton to provide an accessible alternative to the "Envelope Tool" for visually impaired and other users that do not use pointing devices.
Creando desvanecimientos con comandos Nyquist
Nyquist is a programming language that is included in Audacity. It can be used to write complementos for Audacity that may provide new effects, generators and analysis plug-ins. Nyquist commands may also be run directly in Audacity by entering code into the Comando Nyquist Effect. Below are a few short code samples that may be run in the Nyquist Prompt to produce fades to selected audio. More information about Nyquist programming may be found in the secciones Programación de audio Nyquist y Referencia de complementos Nyquist de la Wiki.
; Linear Fade Out: (mult s (pwlv 1 1 0))
; Linear Fade In. ; To avoid a click at the end, the pwlv envelope ; extends beyond the end of the selection. (mult s (pwlv 0 1 1 1.1 1))
; Multi-step fade out. (mult s (pwlv 1 0.4 0.775 0.8 0.447 0.9 0.316 0.95 0.224 1.0 0.0))
; sine curve fade in:
(mult s 0.5
(sum 1
(osc (hz-to-step (/ (get-duration 2)))
1 *table* -90)))
; wiggly fade: (setf wiggle (mult 0.2 (hzosc (/ 6.0 (get-duration 1))))) (mult s (sum 1.0 wiggle))
Removiendo un clic del inicio de un sonido
If a sound starts suddenly, there will often be a noticeable click at the beginning. This is due to the waveform suddenly jumping from silence to the start of the waveform. This "jump" is often visible by zooming in closely on the start of the sound so you can see the original sample dots:
Applying a short, linear fade in can eliminate the click by smoothing the transition from silence to the start of the sound.
Añadiendo un extracto de música a una presentación
Whether Powerpoint, OpenOffice Impress, a slide show for YouTube or any other audio-video presentation, it is often desirable to include audio clips within the presentation. Rather than simply cutting a recording to the required length, applying a fade in and fade out to the audio clip can add a touch of professionalism to the production.
The duration of the fade as well as the shape of the fade are crucial to the overall effect. Typically an audio clip will have a relatively short fade in and a longer fade out, but there are no hard and fast rules. Audacity allows you to experiment with different fade lengths. When preparing audio clips for use in your presentation you can export several versions with differing fade lengths, then when putting together the presentation, try your alternative versions and use whichever you most like.
Fading in music with a logarithmic shape fade is often very effective as you get a hint of the music first, then it rapidly fades to full volume. For fading out music, a sine curve fade often works well.
Vea también: Mezclando
